مجله پژوهش های راهبردی در علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی

مجله پژوهش های راهبردی در علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی

کاربرد روش‌های زیست‌فناوری در بهنژادی و تولید رقم‌های بوم سازگار

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسندگان
1 استاد دانشگاه تبریز و عضو وابسته فرهنگستان علوم
2 کارشناس گروه بیوتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام خمینی (ره)، قزوین
10.22047/srjasnr.2025.496513.1120
چکیده
تولید غذای کافی و سالم همواره یکی از دشواری‌های مهم در هر کشوری به شمار می‌آید. پیشرفت‌های سده گذشته و کنونی در زیست‌فناوری به پژوهشگران علوم کشاورزی امکان داده است که از یک سو، در گیاهان زراعی رقم‌های سازگار با محیط‌زیست و پرمحصول تولید کنند و از سوی دیگر، با شناخت فراورده‌های ژنی سودمند در موجودهای مختلف و چیرگی بر چگونگی کنش ژن‌ها و یاخته‌ها در گیاهان، ابزار لازم برای انتقال ژن‌های سودمند به این رقم‌ها را فراهم کنند. در نتیجه، ابزار اجتناب‌ناپذیری در بهنژادی به‌وجود آمده است که گیاهان متحمل‌تر در برابر تنش‌های زیوا و نازیوا با محصول بیشتر تولید شوند. در حال حاضر، استفاده از این راهبرد در کمینه کردن اثر سم‌های شیمیایی در آلوده‌سازی محیط‌زیست و غذا سودمند تشخیص داده شده‌است. از این رو، با وجود چالش‌های مهم علمی و اجتماعی در تمام زمینه‌های زیست‌فناوری، مقاله حاضر، نخست مرور اندکی دارد بر پیشرفت‌های زیست‌فناورانه اولیه مانند استفاده از جهش‌زایی در بهنژادی که کاربرد آن از نیمه اول سده بیستم شروع شده است. سپس، کاربردهای روش‌های مهندسی ژنتیک تشریح می‌شوند و در پایان، روش‌های مولکولی جدیدتر مانند فناوری کریسپر4-کاس 9 که در تخریب یا ایجاد جهش هدفمند، تصحیح یا تنظیم بیان ژن در رقم‌های زراعی و باغبانی کاربردی است، واکاوی خواهند شد. سودمندی‌ها و کاستی‌های هر کدام از این روش‌ها در متن مقاله بحث شده‌اند. از مهمترین سودمندی‌های جهش‌زایی، افزایش تنوع ژنتیکی، از روش‌های مهندسی ژنتیک، افزودن ژن‌های سودمند و کاهش زمان بهنژادی رقم‌ها و از روش کریسپر، تغییر یا تصحیح ژنگان5 با هزینه کمتر را می‌توان نام برد. به هر حال، این روش‌ها محدودیت‌هایی نیز دارند که به ترتیب می‌توان به احتمال بی‌ثباتی ژنگانی و زمان‌بر بودن، حذف نشدن ژن‌های گزینشگر و گزارشگر باکتریایی و فرار تراژن و محدودشدن کریسپر به یاخته‌های بدنی اشاره کرد.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Application of Biotechnology Methods in Plant Breeding and Sustainable Agricultural Production

نویسنده English

R. Heidari-Japelaghi 2
2 Expert, Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin,
چکیده English

Producing sufficient and healthy food has always been an important issue in every country. Advances of biotechnology in the past and present centuries have enabled agricultural researchers to produce environmentally friendly and high-yielding crops and by understanding the beneficial products in different organisms and mastering how gene and cell function in plants, they have provided the necessary tools to transfer beneficial genes to these crops. As a result, an inevitable tool has emerged in plant breeding to produce plants that are more tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses with higher yields. Currently, biotechnology has also been recognized as a useful technology in minimizing the effect of chemical toxins in contaminating the environment and food. Therefore, despite the important scientific and social challenges in all fields of biotechnology, this review briefly discusses early biotechnology advances such as the use of mutagenesis in plant breeding, which its application began in the first half of the twentieth century, followed by a brief look at the application of genetic engineering methods developed in the second half of the century and finally, newer molecular methods such as CRISPR-Cas9 technology, which can be used to disrupt, correct, or regulate gene expression in agricultural and horticultural cultivars. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these methods are also discussed. The most important advantages of application of mutagenesis in plant breeding, genetic engineering, and CRISPR-Cas9 technology are increasing genetic diversity, inserting useful genes and reducing the time to breed cultivars, and editing a genome at a low cost, respectively. However, these methods also have limitations, which include the possibility of genomic instability and time-consuming, the retention of bacterial selectable markers and reporter genes and gene escape and the applicability of genome editing for somatic cells, respectively.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Forward genetics
Genetic engineering
Genome editing
Reverse genetics
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