Strategic Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources

Strategic Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources

Biodiversity, Climate change, Food system, Non-wood products, Wood products

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
M. Zobeiri 1
m. Makhdom 2
J. Feghhi 1
N. Mobarghei 3
Meghdad Jourgholami 4
1 Dept. of Forestry and Forest Economics Faculty of Natural Resources University of Tehran Shahid Chamran Blvd.
2 Professor of Tehran University
3 Associate professor of Shahid Beheshti University
4 Department of Forestry and Forest Economics
10.22047/srjasnr.2021.140576
Abstract
Forests and the environment play important role in providing income, food, energy, medicines and genetic resources, and a variety of essential materials for the well-being and living conditions of the people and the preservation of culture. In this research, an attempt has been made to elucidate the functions of forests and the environment in Iran and their links to food security and nutrition by reviewing documents and referring to statistics and data of national and international organizations. Direct forest and environment ecosystem services include the sale of wood products, fuel wood or firewood and by-products or   non-wood products. In this study, the statistics related to Iran's forests were briefly pointed out, which include revenues from the harvesting of wood and non-wood products, energy obtained from firewood in cooking for optimal use of food and the direct role of some  non-wood products in direct provision in the food system. Indirect forest and environment ecosystem services play a major role in the “availability” and “stability” components of food systems, including biodiversity, climate change, water regulation and quality, and soil and nutrient cycling conservation. Biodiversity makes production and livelihood systems more resilient to shock and stress including climate change. Climate change and climate diversity threaten the provision of a wide range of important products (timber and         non-timber) and forest environmental services. In this study, while examining the relationship between global environmental changes and food security, the strategies for overcoming the current situation were enumerated.
Keywords
Biodiversity
Climate change
Food system
Non-wood products
Wood products

  1.  

    1. Al-Abadi, A.M., S. Shahid, and A.K. Al-Ali. 2016. A GIS-based integration of catastrophe theory and analytical hierarchy process for mapping flood susceptibility: a case study of Teeb area, Southern Iraq. Environ. Earth Sci. 75(8):687.
    2. Andreassian, V. 2004. Waters and forests: from historical controversy to scientific debate. J. Hydrol. 291(1-2):1-27.
    3. Braatz, S. 2002. National reporting to forest-related international instruments: mandates, mechanisms, overlaps and potential synergies. Secretariat of the United Nations Forum on Forests, New York
    4. Braatz, S. 2012. Building resilience for adaptation to climate change through sustainable forest management. In: A. Meybeck, J. Lankoski, S. Redfern, N. Azzu & V. Gitz. Building resilience for adaptation to climate change in the agriculture sector. Proceedings of a joint FAO/OECD Workshop. FAO, Rome, Italy.
    5. Bradshaw, C.J.A., N.S., Sodhi, K.S.H., Peh, and B.W., Brook, 2007. Global evidence that deforestation amplifies flood risk and severity in the developing world. Global Change Biol. 13:2379–2395.
    6. CIFOR (Center for International Forestry Research). 2010. Forests and climate change toolbox. Retrieved from:http://www.cifor.org/fctoolbox/
    7. Do, H.X., Westra, S. and Leonard, M. 2017. A global-scale investigation of trends in annual maximum streamflow. J. Hydrol. 552:28-43.
    8. Dottori, F., P. Salamon, A. Bianchi, L. Alfieri, F.A. Hirpa, and L. Feyen. 2016. Development and evaluation of a framework for global flood hazard mapping. Advan. Water Resour. 94:87-102.
    9. 2002. World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030. FAO, Rome, Italy.
    10. 2013b. Forests and water: International momentum and action. Rome, Italy. Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/017/i3129e/i3129e.pdf.
    11. 2014. Contribution of the forestry sector to national economies, 1990-2011, by A. Lebedys and Y. Li. Forest Finance Working Paper FSFM/ACC/09. FAO, Rome, Italy.
    12. 2015. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. Country report. Islamic Republic of Iran.
    13. 2016a. The State of Food and Agriculture. Climate change, agriculture and food security. Rome, Italy. Retrieved from:http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6030e.pdf
    14. 2016b. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015: How Are the World's Forests Changing?. 2nd ed. Rome, Italy.
    15. 2017. The future of food and agriculture. Trends and challenges. Rome, Italy. Retrieved from:http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6583e.pdf
    16. 2019. The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture, J. Bélanger & D. Pilling (eds.). FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Assessments. Rome. 572 p.
    17. 2020. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020. COUNTRY REPORT. Islamic Republic of Iran. Rome, Italy. 54 p.
    18. Fisher, G., Shah, M., Velthuizen, H., 2002. Climate Change and Agricultural Vulnerability. IIASA, Laxenburg.
    19. 2005. Science Plan and Implementation Strategy. Earth System Science Partnership (IGBP, IHDP, WCRP, DIVERSITAS). Report No. 2; Wallingford, UK. 36 p.
    20. Global food security index. 2016. The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 2016. 1. An annual measure of the state of global food security. 42 p.
    21. Guzha, A.C., Rufino, M.C., Okoth, S., Jacobs, S., Nóbrega, R.L.B. 2018. Impacts of land use and land cover change on surface runoff, discharge and low flows: Evidence from East Africa. J. Hydrol.: Regional Studies, 15:49-67.
    22. Helvey, J.D. Patric, J.J. 1965, Canopy and litter interception of rainfall by hardwoods of United States, Water Resour. Res. 1(2):193–206.
    23. 2017. Sustainable forestry for food security and nutrition. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome, Italy.
    24. 2019. Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. S. Díaz, J. Settele, E.S. Brondízio, H.T. Ngo, M. Guèze, J. Agard, et al., (eds.). IPBES Secretariat, Bonn, Germany. 56 p.
    25. IPCC, 2021: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. 41 p.
    26. Marchi, E., W. Chung, R. Visser, D. Abbas, T. Nordfjell, P.S. Mederski, et al. Sustainable Forest Operations (SFO): A new paradigm in a changing world and climate. Sci. Total Environ. 634:1385–97.
    27. Marvi Mohadjer, M.R., J. Feghhi. 2020. Sustainable management of Hyrcanian forests.In: F.Krumm, Schuck, A. Rigling. (eds.), 2020: How To Balance Forestry And Biodiversity Conservation – A view across Europe. European Forest Institute (EFI); Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf. 640 p.
    28. Parry, M.L., C. Rosenzweig, A. Iglesias, M. Livermore, G. Gischer. 2004. Effects of climate change on global food production under SRES emissions and socieconomic scenarios. Global Environmental Change, 14, 53-67.
    29. Smith P., M. Bustamante, H. Ahammad, H. Clark, H. Dong, E.A. Elsiddig, et al., 2014. Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of climate change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.
    30. Steffen, W., A. Sanderson, P.D. Tyson, J. Jäger, P.A. Matson, B. Moore III, F. Oldfield, K. Richardson, H.-J. Schellnhuber, B.L. Turner II, R.J. Wasson. 2004. Global Change and the Earth System: A Planet Under Pressure. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany.
    31. Tilman, D., J. Fargione, B. Wolff, C. D’Antonio, A. Dobson, R. Howarth, D. Schindler, W.H. Schlesinger, D. Simberloff, D. Swackhamer. 2001. Forecasting Agriculturally Driven Global Environmental Change. Science, 292, 281-284.
    32. World Bank. 2002. Sustaining forests. A World Bank strategy. Retrieved from:http://siteresources. worldbank.org/INTFORESTS/214573-1113990657527/20632625/Forest_Strategy_Booklet.pdf
    33. World Meteorological Organization (WMO). 2021. State of the Global Climate 2020. WMO-No. 1264. 52 p.
Strategic Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
Volume 6, Issue 2
November 2021
Pages 157-170